Intestinal worms can be a serious problem in young puppies. Hookworms can cause anemia and roundworms can lead to poor growth and development. In adult dogs, however, intestinal parasites are only occasionally life-threatening. Debilitated animals or those that have a weakened immune system are more likely to experience severe intestinal parasitism and show clinical signs due to their worms.
Soft bones and thin fragile bones are issues that affect producers of high-performing egg layers all around the world. Osteomalacia and osteoporosis most commonly arise from deficiency, imbalance, or malabsorption of calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D3. The effect of skeletal issues on a flock typically is demonstrated by decreased production, crooked keels, fractures, and poor shell quality. All hens require…
Financial losses result from mortality and antibiotic treatment costs, but the greatest loss is from weight loss during illness affecting a large proportion of the group and their protracted convalescence. Respiratory disease is also a major animal welfare concern. Respiratory disease is best prevented by a combination of good management, appropriate building design, and ventilation, as well as high-quality bronchial…
